Across Europe, the push for expanded mining operations is met with growing opposition from local communities, raising concerns about the distribution of benefits from Brussels’ ambitious plans for raw materials.
Mining, often the initial step in the production of essential components for wind turbines and smartphones, is facing increased scrutiny due to its environmental and social impacts. Yet, it is just the beginning of a complex chain that includes refining and manufacturing, with the highest value found in production processes such as electric car battery factories.
In regions like Kiruna, Sweden, and Terras do Barroso, Portugal, communities are resisting proposed mining projects amid fears of minimal local benefits. Håkan Jonsson, president of Sweden’s Sámi Parliament, voices concerns about the potential exploitation of northern Sweden’s resources under the guise of green transition initiatives.
Similarly, Carla Gomes, an activist from Terras do Barroso, fears that the European Critical Raw Materials Act could lead to the exploitation of her village’s natural reserves without significant gains for the community. She questions the justification for mining if it only serves to maintain the status quo without fostering genuine transition and development.
The dependency on China for critical raw materials has prompted Europe to seek alternative sources, sparking a renewed interest in domestic mining. However, critics argue that such endeavors prioritize economic interests over environmental and social considerations.
Local opposition emphasizes the irreversible damage mining can inflict on ecologically sensitive areas. In Terras do Barroso, designated as a “globally important agricultural heritage system,” the authorization of lithium mines threatens the region’s unique landscape and cultural heritage.
Despite the potential economic benefits touted by mining proponents, concerns persist about the equitable distribution of wealth and opportunities. Artur Patuleia from E3G underscores the importance of investing in the entire value chain of raw materials to maximize economic potential and job creation. However, existing policies often favor cheaper exports of mined resources, undermining local development prospects.
Furthermore, the complexities of establishing domestic processing capabilities pose additional challenges. Companies like Hellas Gold in Greece have struggled to deliver on promises of local production and value-added processing, resorting to exporting raw materials instead.
In its pursuit of raw materials security, the EU has entered agreements with third countries like Chile, emphasizing the importance of creating local value. However, challenges remain in ensuring mutually beneficial partnerships that prioritize sustainability and local development.
As Europe navigates its transition towards a greener economy, the tensions between resource extraction, environmental protection, and community welfare continue to underscore the complexities of raw materials governance.
